3D printing basics explained

3D printing was invented in 1983 by Chuck Hull, who developed the first technology known as stereolithography (SLA). He patented the process in 1986 and founded 3D Systems, one of the first 3D printing companies. This innovation marked the beginning of additive manufacturing, allowing objects to be created layer by layer from digital models. Since then, the field has evolved to include various technologies like FDM, SLS, and DLP. Today, 3D printing is widely used across industries such as automotive, aerospace, medical, and consumer products.

The first 3D printer was invented by Chuck Hull in 1983, who developed the process of stereolithography (SLA). He patented the technology in 1986 and co-founded 3D Systems, which commercialized the first 3D printing systems. Chuck Hull is widely recognized as the father of 3D printing. His invention laid the groundwork for the diverse range of additive manufacturing technologies used today.

3D printing, or additive manufacturing, builds objects layer by layer from digital files, in contrast to subtractive methods that cut material away. It offers unmatched design flexibility and enables rapid iteration without molds or tooling.

A 3D-printed object is one that has been made directly from a digital model using an additive process. It implies that the item was created without traditional molds, often with minimal material waste, and likely features complex geometries or custom details.

A slicer software converts the digital design into layers, generating G-code instructions for the printer. The printer then builds the object layer by layer, using materials like filament, resin, or powder.

It starts with designing a 3D model in CAD software, which is then sliced into layers using specialized software. The printer follows those instructions to build the object, layer by layer, using materials like plastic filament, resin, or powder. Post-processing may follow, including cleaning or curing.

Some printers can run from USB drives or SD cards once the file is sliced, but you’ll still need a computer to prepare and slice the model beforehand. Fully computer-free workflows aren’t standard yet.

It’s easier than ever to start, especially with user-friendly printers and software. That said, mastering design, material settings, and troubleshooting takes some learning — like any other skill.

Unlike traditional methods that limit designs based on tooling constraints, 3D printing allows form to lead function. This design-first approach fosters innovation and faster product development.

3D printing enables rapid prototyping, design freedom, and cost-effective short-run production. It reduces waste by using only the required material and allows for quick iteration, especially valuable in product development and engineering.

The time required to 3D print a part depends on several factors, including the size of the object, level of detail, chosen layer height, and the type of 3D printing technology. Small, low-detail models can be printed in under an hour, while larger or highly detailed parts may take several hours or even more than a day. FDM printers tend to be slower for detailed prints but efficient for basic shapes, whereas SLS and SLA can produce complex geometries faster, especially in batch production. Layer thickness also plays a key role — thinner layers improve quality but significantly increase print time. Planning ahead with optimized settings and realistic expectations is essential for managing production schedules.

In general, 3D printing can take anywhere from 30 minutes to over 24 hours, depending on the size, complexity, layer height, and printing technology used.

SLS printing typically offers a resolution of around 100 microns, with feature detail down to 0.5 mm. Dimensional accuracy is usually within ±0.2 mm, depending on part size and geometry. It’s precise enough for functional prototypes and many end-use parts.