3D printing definitions: S – Z
S
Sanding – a post-processing technique where abrasive materials are used to smooth the surface of a 3D printed part, reduce layer lines, and prepare it for painting or finishing.
Shells – the outer perimeters of each layer in a 3D print, forming the external structure of the part. More shells increase strength and surface durability.
Skirt – a line or outline printed around the object (but not touching it) to prime the nozzle and stabilize extrusion before the actual print begins.
Slicing software – a program that converts a 3D model into printable layers and generates G-code instructions for the printer. It allows users to control settings like layer height, infill, supports, and print speed.
STL file – widely used 3D model file format that represents the surface geometry of an object using triangles. It is the standard input format for most slicing software.
Support angle – the threshold angle at which overhanging geometry is considered steep enough to require automatic support generation. Adjustable in slicing software.
Support structures – temporary printed elements that provide stability to overhanging or bridging parts of a model during printing. They are removed after the print is complete.
T
Test print – a trial 3D print used to evaluate printer performance, settings, or material behavior before starting a full production job. Often used to check calibration, dimensional accuracy, or print quality.
Thermal runaway protection – a safety feature in 3D printers that shuts down the heating element if the system detects a failure in temperature control, preventing overheating and reducing the risk of fire.
Topology optimization – a design technique that uses algorithms to automatically reduce material in a part while maintaining its strength and functionality, resulting in lightweight, efficient geometries ideal for 3D printing.
V
Vapor smoothing – a post-processing method that uses chemical vapors (e.g., acetone) to gently melt the surface of certain 3D printed plastics, resulting in a smooth, glossy finish and improved layer adhesion.
Voxel – a volumetric pixel — the smallest 3D unit of digital space used to represent geometry, material properties, or color in high-resolution 3D models and printing.
W
Wall thickness – the total thickness of the outer walls of a printed object, determined by the number of shells and nozzle diameter. It affects strength, print time, and detail resolution.
Warping – a deformation that occurs when the edges or corners of a 3D print lift and pull away from the build plate due to uneven cooling and internal stresses.
Z
Z-hop – a printer movement setting where the nozzle slightly lifts along the Z-axis during travel moves to avoid hitting the printed part, helping to prevent scratches, blobs, or layer shifts.
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